The national question in nigeria is probably one of the most complicated in the world with over 120 languages spoken, three main ethnic groups, none of which constitutes a majority of the population, and the religious divide between christians in the south and muslims in the north. Conflict in nigeria 4 key lessons overall levels of conflict have risen between 2010 and 2016 sustained conflict is known to be both caused by and contribute to poverty. At times these conflicts are triggered, or exacerbated, by droughtinduced movements of pastoralists. An assessment of farmerpastoralist conflict in nigeria. Land and conflict land disputes and land conflicts. Disputes over access to land and valuable mineral resources drove wars in liberia and sierra leone, and the nearly 25year war in sri lanka was fought.
Africa as a continent is endowed with enough resources to keep the world moving for years. Climate change driving farmerherder conflict in niger river basin. He said governor wikes action could trigger a scarcity of consumer products and interstate conflict in nigeria. Since the 1990s, the region has degenerated into a dangerous theatre of violent conflict, sustained by ethnic militias, tribal warlords, misguided youths and ethnic groups have. This scarcity can result from generally very high personland ratios but can. Conflict, instability, and resilience in nigeria 2 electoral candidates will govern in favour of its coethnics and coreligionists.
Garen counter pick lolzera melhor portal sobre league of. The amalgamation was an act of colonial convenience. Top 10 major political problems in nigeria 2019 legit. In recent times, freshwater scarcity in northern nigeria has increased the prevalence of conflicts in certain parts between farmers and pastoralists because they are among those whose source of livelihood are most threatened. Natural resources, conflict, and conflict resolution united states institute of peace. But the phenomenon of competition leading directly to conflict is not observed in every case. Strategies for peace in the niger delta united states. Current conflicts in africa 2020 and examples information. The first half of the paper explores the overall socioeconomic, sociocultural, political and environmental factors that shape conflict, instability and resilience in nigeria. Environmental scarcity renewable resources and con. The way in which conflicts over natural resources become politicized within the broader conflict and political context is also a determining factor in whether the conflict.
The scarcity in food will definitely bring about food crisis. Even more than physical water scarcity, economic water scarcity is widespread, meaning that there are insufficient technical and financial resources to access existing freshwater supplies. She may not be from central africa, but 17yearold makenna muigai would like african leaders to rally their political muscle to save the endangered congo basin for a good reason. Though there are alternative narratives, the ongoing tensions reflect, in a way, climate changeinduced resource scarcity that threatens food and national security. Farmerherder conflicts often stem from resource scarcity. Water conflict, on any level, is a result of freshwater scarcity which all peoples are affected by. Within nigeria there are two examples of water scarcity and conflict occurring in close proximity. This z magazine article claims that water shortage creates desperation that fuel politicallybased conflicts in kenya and ethiopia. Indigeneity, one of the legal instruments designed to manage nigerias ethnic diversity, has instead become a source of tension and conflict.
An assessment of farmerpastoralist conflict in nigeria using gis 1, ibrahim muhammed,2, abdurrahman belel ismaila, 3, umar muhammed bibi abstract. Conflict management requires the application of resolution techniques to regulate the. What does cause concern is the term scarce resource. Conflict usually occurs primarily as a result of a clash of interests in the relationship between parties, groups or states, either because they pursuing opposing or incompatible goals. The series of conflicts in africa has left over 9 million persons to become refugees and internally displaced people. Climate change driving farmerherder conflict in niger. Because of its already small agricultural yields, political instability, and poor governance, nigeria is ranked as the 12thleastready country to deal with the impacts of climate change by the notre dame global. Mostly, conflict in nigeria arises from religious, ethnic and political differences, poverty, resource. Two journalists investigate the challenges of bringing the most basic necessity to the people of ghana and nigeria. Transitioning from humanitarian relief to longterm. Land scarcity and unfair market practices exacerbate landrelated conflicts. Nigerian herders face threat from farmers competing for. Conflicts among farmers and pastoralists in northern.
Although the term war is sometimes used as a synonym for conflict, it is more usual to restrict the meaning of war to violent conflict, involving armed forces. To further demonstrate how water scarcity has influenced the herdsmen and farmers conflict. The extant explanation for the frustration may stem from scarce water resource. Livestock raiding is a further source of tensions and violence between different herding. Conflicts between farmers and herders, and between different pastoralist groups, in the sahel frequently revolve around issues of contested land use grazing vs. Competition for access to the diminishing freshwater resources often pitched both groups against each other.
Mbaise rebellion battles against the british 19021917 in 1900, the british created the southern nigeria protectorate. While there has been an abundance of research into answering the question of whether water scarcity causes conflict, there has not been as much research done on the contribution of water scarcity into escalation of regional conflicts. The way in which conflicts over natural resources become politicized within the broader conflict and political context is also a determining factor in whether the conflict becomes violent or not. Its goals are to help prevent and resolve violent international conflicts, promote post conflict stability and development, and increase conflict management capacity, tools, and. Developers claim an 86% success rate in identifying conflict zones. Across parts of nigeria, conflicts that mirror the 20thcentury range wars in the american west have broken out between farmers and herdsmen vying for land, leading to bloody battles. The author also warns that water wars are soon to engulf the.
In nigeria s borno state, 300,000 children are expected to suffer from severe acute malnutrition over the coming year. Ethnic and political unrest continued throughout the 1990s despite the return to democracy clarification needed and the election of the obasanjo. Conflict is defined as the underlying issue in dispute between or among parties and conflict resolution as the elimination of causes of the underlying conflict. Takashi yamano 1 and klaus deininger 2 1 foundation for advanced studies on international development national graduate institute for policy studies. One conflict that appears to have elements of environmental degradation as a cause is the fighting that takes place in the oil rich niger delta in nigeria. The second half of the paper explores the specific regionalised conflicts in greater detail. This paper analyses the structural challenges, root causes and dynamics of conflict, instability and resilience in nigeria. Water scarcity and farmersherdsmen conflict in northeast.
Over the past few years thousands of people have been killed in ethnic clashes. Historically, nigeria is fraught with conflicts, some of them lifethreatening, others minor and pedestrian. The roots of nigerias religious and ethnic conflict. Ethnic conflicts in nigeria only the working class can. The resistance to british colonisation from the people of modern mbaise and igbos throughout eastern nigeria is well documented. The united states institute of peace is an independent, nonpartisan institution established and funded by congress. Transitioning from humanitarian relief to longterm development. A clear and direct causal relationship between resource scarcity and conflict is empirically hard to prove. A conflict has generally been defined as a situation in which two or more parties strive to acquire the same scarce resources at the same time. Hundreds and thousands of people have lost their lives due to conflicts and civil wars. They identified water scarcity as one of the significant causes. The current conflict in the niger delta first arose in the early 1990s over tensions between foreign oil corporations and a number of the niger deltas minority ethnic groups who feel they are being exploited, particularly the ogoni and the ijaw. In south sudan, it is estimated that one in three households is in urgent need of food.
Pastoralism in nigeria faces challenges and these hampers the productivity that consequentially affect the nations economy. Although the example of violent riots during the 20072008 global food price crisis shows that external food price shocks can fuel civil conflict, the effects of the recent escalation of violence in the northeast of nigeria is an example of the flip side. Water stress, instability and violent extremism in nigeria. Water scarcity and violent conflict in nigeria smashwords. Addressing the herdsmenfarmers conflict in nigeria the programme supports the herdsmenfarmers peace forum in the benue state.
Conflicts between pastoralists and farmers have been noted as an example of. This paper describes situations that constitute freshwater. Conflict, conflict prevention, conflict management and beyond. This paper examines the conflicts in the niger delta of nigeria and argues that conflicts in the region arise as a result of grinding poverty and environmental degradation, which has for long been the plights of the people of the region. Ongoing communal violence in nigeria and sudan is tied to competition over scarce fertile land and poor resource governance. Land rights and land conflicts in africa carried out for the danish. Available grazing lands are diminishing at an alarming rate and livestock. Modern nigeria emerged through the merging of two british colonial territories in 1914. How climate change is driving nigerias herdsmen conflict. Longterm conflict is the common factor linking the hunger crises in yemen, south sudan, somalia and nigeria.
Conflict resolution in african countries politics essay. He said the governor was taking advantage of the absence of authority in. Water scarcity in eastern africa fuels deadly conflicts, forcing thousands of displaced farmers and pastoralists to seek refuge in neighboring countries. Butts 1997 noted that the earths history is replete with examples of waterrelated violent conflicts. The effective management of land conflicts is required to ensure that longterm, sustainable solutions are found and that the quality of life of those most affected by these ongoing disputes is improved. Below are some examples of current conflicts in nigeria.
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